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Run the Java program per the instructions in the "Peachy Assignments" description by having (and commenting out) the volatile declaration of the Req and Ack variables. This can make the execution effects of Req and Acq becoming vvisible across threads different (e.g. compilers can rearrange Req to be after Ack, as they are two independent and unrelated variables). Observe when the run without volatiles hangs (what input value did you supply)? Provide two answers: * The input number that seemed to hang the execution 50% of the time or more Write a 300-character (roughly) description of the purpose of this test and what you observed. The notion of "happens before" is mentioned in my "Peachy Assignments". It basically says that if two instructions A and B come in a certain order, their executions must appear to be in that order also. This is achieved by slapping the "volatile" variable annotation.
The purpose of this test is to observe the effects of not using the "volatile" declaration in a Java program when executing across multiple threads. The aim is to see when the program hangs without the volatile declaration, and what input value caused it. The test investigates the possibility of compilers rearranging the order of the variables Req and Ack, which can lead to unexpected behavior. The "volatile" declaration ensures that the executions of these variables appear in the order they were assigned.
However, since the specific instructions of the "Peachy Assignments" are not available, I am unable to provide the input value that caused the program to hang without the volatile declaration.
👩💻 Which of the following would most likely shift the aggregate demand curve to the right? Question 21 options: a) A decrease in subsidies to businesses b) Increased fear that a recession will cause workers to lose their jobs c) An increase in real estate prices that increases consumer wealth d) An increase in personal income tax rates
An increase in real estate prices that increases consumer wealth is the option that would most likely shift the aggregate demand curve to the right.
👩💻 The idea that the price level tends to be inflexible in a downward direction is called the: Question 26 options: a) escalator effect. b) ratchet effect. c) stair-step effect. d) elevator effect.
The correct answer is the "ratchet effect."
👩💻 The long-run aggregate supply curve is: Question 28 options: a) horizontal at the existing price level. b) downward-sloping. c) upward-sloping. d) vertical at the full-employment level of GDP.
The correct answer is option d) "vertical at the full-employment level of GDP."
👩💻 Discretionary fiscal policy refers to: Question 35 options: deliberate changes in government spending and taxes to promote economic growth, full employment, and price level stability. deliberate changes in government spending and taxes to achieve greater equality in the distribution of income. altering of the interest rate to change aggregate demand. the fact that equal increases in government spending and taxation will be contractionary.
The correct answer is option a) "deliberate changes in government spending and taxes to promote economic growth, full employment, and price level stability." Discretionary fiscal policy involves intentional adjustments made by the government to influence aggregate demand and stabilize the economy. This can be done through changes in government spending and taxation. The aim is to achieve goals such as promoting economic growth, maintaining full employment, and ensuring price level stability.
👩💻 Expansionary fiscal policy involves: Question 36 options: a) a decrease in taxes. b) an increase in taxes. c) a decrease in government spending. d) a decrease in net exports.
Expansionary fiscal policy involves option a) "a decrease in taxes."
When the government implements expansionary fiscal policy, it aims to stimulate economic activity and increase aggregate demand. One way to achieve this is by reducing taxes. By decreasing taxes, individuals and businesses have more disposable income, which can lead to increased consumption and investment. This boost in spending can help stimulate economic growth and increase aggregate demand.
👩💻 Which of the following represents the most contractionary fiscal policy? Question 39 options: a) a $10 billion tax cut. b) a $10 billion decrease in government spending. c) a $10 billion tax increase. d) a $10 billion increase in government spending.
The most contractionary fiscal policy option is c) "a $10 billion tax increase."
Contractionary fiscal policy aims to slow down economic activity and reduce aggregate demand. One way to achieve this is by increasing taxes. When taxes are increased, individuals and businesses have less disposable income, which can lead to reduced consumption and investment. This decrease in spending can help to curb inflationary pressures and rein in economic growth, making it the most contractionary fiscal policy option among the choices given.
👩💻 A __________ deficit occurs when an economy moves into recession and tax revenues automatically decline. Question 43 options: a) structural b) cyclical c) monetary d) fiscal
The correct answer is b) "cyclical."
A cyclical deficit occurs when an economy enters a recession and experiences a decline in tax revenues. During a recession, there is often a decrease in economic activity and a rise in unemployment. This leads to a reduction in taxable income and subsequently lowers tax revenue for the government. As a result, the government may experience a deficit, known as a cyclical deficit, due to the automatic decline in tax revenues during an economic downturn.
👩💻 During a recession, a policy calling for an annually balanced budget would: Question 46 options: a) help stabilize the economy. b) require expansionary fiscal policies and incite inflationary pressures. c) require either increased spending or reduced taxes or both. d) require contractionary (procyclical) fiscal policies and push the economy further into a recession.
During a recession, a policy calling for an annually balanced budget would have the following effect:
The correct answer is d) "require contractionary (procyclical) fiscal policies and push the economy further into a recession."
An annually balanced budget policy implies that government spending must be equal to tax revenues in each fiscal year. During a recession, tax revenues tend to decrease due to reduced economic activity and higher unemployment. In order to maintain a balanced budget, the government would need to implement contractionary fiscal policies, such as reducing spending or increasing taxes. These policies can further dampen economic activity and exacerbate the recession, as they reduce aggregate demand. Therefore, a policy calling for an annually balanced budget during a recession would push the economy further into a recession.
👩💻 The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 is a clear example of: Question 50 options: a) nondiscretionary expansionary fiscal policy. b) discretionary expansionary fiscal policy. c) nondiscretionary contractionary fiscal policy. d) discretionary contractionary fiscal policy.
The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 is a clear example of b) "discretionary expansionary fiscal policy."
The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 was a policy implemented by the U.S. government to combat the effects of the global financial crisis and stimulate economic growth. It involved deliberate and targeted changes in government spending and taxes to promote economic expansion. This aligns with the definition of discretionary fiscal policy, which refers to intentional adjustments made by the government to influence aggregate demand and stabilize the economy. Therefore, the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 is an example of discretionary expansionary fiscal policy.
👩💻 What does Prof. Geoffrey Hinton, Turing Award winner and "Godfather of AI" compare the embeddings in NNs to? Group of answer choices A hologram that stores all the concepts learned in vectors "all over" the brain To symbols stored in specific parts of the brain
The answer is:
A hologram that stores all the concepts learned in vectors "all over" the brain.
Prof. Geoffrey Hinton, a Turing Award winner and a prominent figure in the field of AI, compares the embeddings in neural networks to a hologram. According to him, these embeddings store all the concepts learned in vectors spread throughout the brain, similar to how a hologram stores information in a distributed manner. This analogy highlights the distributed representation of knowledge within neural networks, where different aspects or concepts are encoded and interconnected in vectors throughout the network.
👩💻 What is being compared to "telepathic sharing of memory" in this talk? Group of answer choices Serial communication using symbols Copying all the weights from one NN to another
The answer is:
Copying all the weights from one NN to another.
In this talk, "telepathic sharing of memory" is being compared to copying all the weights from one neural network (NN) to another. This comparison highlights the idea that by transferring the weights, or the learned patterns and knowledge, from one NN to another, the latter can benefit from the "memory" of the former. It implies a form of sharing knowledge or information between neural networks, akin to telepathic communication where thoughts or memories are transferred directly.
👩💻 What was the rat-brain experiment suggested? Group of answer choices The rat begins to have holes in its memory (forgotten aspects) That removing cells does not remove pieces of the memory
The rat-brain experiment suggested that removing cells does not remove pieces of memory.
The rat-brain experiment aimed to understand the organization of memory in neural networks. One suggestion from this experiment was that individual cells or neurons being removed does not result in the removal of specific pieces of memory. Instead, it was found that memories are distributed or stored in a more interconnected manner across the network. Removing specific cells does not cause selective loss of memory but rather affects the overall functioning or recollection abilities of the network.
👩💻 What do Chomsky and Hinton disagree on? (Chomsky invented the language hierarchy of regular, context-free etc) Group of answer choices Chomsky has embraced NNs as much as Hinton, so no disagreement Chomsky's view of the brain processing symbols isn't right as demonstrated by NNs
Chomsky's view of the brain processing symbols isn't right as demonstrated by NNs.
Chomsky and Hinton disagree on Chomsky's view of the brain processing symbols, which has been challenged by the advancements in neural networks (NNs). Chomsky's work in linguistics includes the development of the language hierarchy, which categorizes various types of formal grammars such as regular and context-free.
Hinton's work in neural networks and deep learning has demonstrated the effectiveness of distributed representations and the ability of NNs to learn and process information without relying heavily on symbolic processing or explicit rules. This challenges Chomsky's perspective on the brain's processing of symbols and suggests that NNs provide an alternative approach to understanding language and cognition.
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AI stands for Artificial Intelligence. AI bots are able to learn from conversations with users and expand their knowledge this way.
SheCodes Athena will help you with technical questions about your code using artificial intelligence to find the answer. Imagine a super powerful human who has memorized everything on the internet and can access that knowledge in a matter of seconds. 🤯
SheCodes Athena can answer most coding-related questions, even complicated ones! It can even find bugs in your code and tell you how to fix them in just a few seconds. Impressive, right?
Just remember we're still in testing mode so the AI may return strange or incorrect replies. Feel free to message us if this happens!
SheCodes Athena can only reply to coding-related technical questions. The same type of questions you would ask in the channels on Slack.
For questions that are not coding-related, write us here 😃
You should treat Athena like a SheCodes team member, so always be polite! 😊 Ask your questions as detailed as possible, just like you would do on Slack.
Here are some examples:
- Prettier isn't working on my VS Code. How do I fix this?
- How do I make bullet points with different colors using the list element?
- My code in Codesandbox is having some issues. Can you please tell me what the issue is? [Include the link to your Codesandbox]
For now, SheCodes Athena is limited to 5 questions per day for each student.
In that case, you can either ask SheCodes Athena a follow-up question, or you can post on the designated weekly channel on Slack!
Our technical assistants are still available on Slack and are always happy to help! 😍💪
Remember, questions are limited to 1000 characters.
- If you're working with an HTML file: Post a snippet of your code related to the issue you're having (just copy the code and paste it into the question box).
- If you're working with Codesandbox: Good news, you can just post the link to your Codesandbox and the AI Assistant will be able to view your code.
- If you have a longer question that would require an entire HTML file or more than 1000 characters, post it in the designated weekly channels on Slack! 😃
Athena was the Greek goddess of wisdom, among other elements. She received her name from the city of Athens, which she is known for protecting.
Much like the goddess Athena, SheCodes Athena is also incredibly wise and can solve complicated coding puzzles in a matter of seconds! 😍
Not likely. AI can automate tasks and make developers' jobs more efficient but it can't fully replace the human ability to deal with complex software. And AI will still require human developers to supervise and improve it further.
So developers may see their tasks change but they won't be replaced by AI. 👩💻🤝💻
