Candle making was developed independently in a number of countries around the world. Candles were primarily made from tallow and beeswax in Europe from the Roman period until the modern era, when spermaceti was used in the 18th and 19th centuries, and purified animal fats and paraffin wax since the 19th century. In China, textual evidence suggests that candles may have been made from whale fat in the Qin dynasty.