Siah-ghalam (literally “black pen”) is an art technique that uses only shades of black and gray to create an image. It is done with graphite pencils, charcoal, or black pastels, and the artist builds depth, volume, and detail through the play of light and shadow. Despite its limited color palette, siah-ghalam is highly expressive and is widely used for realistic portraits, landscapes, and other fine art works.
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