African literature, the body of traditional oral and written literatures
in Afro-Asiatic and African languages together with works
written by Africans in European languages. Traditional written
literature, which is limited to a smaller geographic area than is oral
literature, is most characteristic of those sub-Saharan cultures that
have participated in the cultures of the Mediterranean. In particular,
there are written literatures in both Hausa and Arabic, created by the
scholars of what is now northern Nigeria, and the Somali people have
produced a traditional written literature. There are also works written
in GeĘżez (Ethiopic) and Amharic, two of the languages
of Ethiopia, which is the one part of Africa where Christianity has been
practiced long enough to be considered traditional. Works written in
European languages date primarily from the 20th century onward.