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The Khmer Empire (802 - 1431 CE) was one of the first organized political states in Southeast Asia. From its enormous capital at Angkor Thom, the kingdom held sway over territory that includes present-day Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, and southern Vietnam for nearly 500 years.

The Nabatean Kingdom was a powerful political entity which flourished in the region of modern-day Jordan between the 4th century BCE and c. 106 CE and is best known today for the ruins of its capital city of Petra. Nabateans were Arabian nomads who amassed their wealth first as traders.

The ancient Shu Kingdom is a civilization dating back at least 4,800 years located in southwest China's Sichuan Province. The early Shu civilizationis represented by the Sanxingdui Ruins site. It is believed that the ancient Shu Kingdom lasted over 2,000 years.

The Kingdom of Zimbabwe (c. 1220–1450) was a medieval Shona (Karanga) kingdom located in modern-day Zimbabwe. Its capital, today's Masvingo (meaning fortified), which is commonly called Great Zimbabwe, is the largest stone structure in precolonial Southern Africa.